What Are Cytokines? Cytokines are proteins generated during an immune response. Cytokines can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Cytokines are produced by several immune cells including the innate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and the adaptive T and B lymphocytes. If the production of cytokines is too high, the condition is called “cytokine storm”. This session discusses whether there is any real “cytokine storm” in the pathogenesis of Covid-19 and whether anti-cytokine treatments are effective to treat Covid-19. Covid-19 Coronavirus, Credits: pixabay Covid-19 infects the respiratory tract resulting in pneumonia in most of the cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in about 15 % of the cases. It is believed that mortality is linked with the presence of “cytokine storm” induced by the virus. The excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to ARDS and cause widespread tissue damage, resulting in multi-organ failure and death. Not only in Covid-19, but a “cytokine storm” has also been reported in severe viral infections like influenza H1N1 virus, and the two coronaviruses highly related to COVID-19; “SARS-CoV” and “MERS-CoV”. “Cytokine Targeted therapy” is the recent approach being tried to improve survival rates and reduce mortality in Covid-19. However, few reports are stating that there is no involvement of “cytokine storm” in Covid-19 pathogenesis. Laboratory Parameters In Covid-19 A recent study identified that in severe cases of Covid-19, a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was observed. NLR is a parameter to determine the overall inflammatory status of the patients. The other laboratory findings include an increase in the C-reactive protein and ESR, and the levels of procalcitonin levels remained normal. Platelet counts are either normal or mildly decreased. An elevation in the liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT) are identified in complicated cases. Cytokines in The Pathogenesis Of Covid-19? Inflammation, Credits: pixabay Covid-19 infection is thought to be accompanied by a destructive inflammatory response with the release of a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing a “cytokine storm”. The host immune response results in a hyperactive condition involving an excessive inflammatory reaction. Numerous studies analyzed the cytokine profile in Covid-19 patients and identified that cytokine storm correlated directly with lung injury, multi-organ failure, and unfavorable prognosis of severe COVID-19. The immune system is structurally organized to respond to pathogens and elicit an anti-viral immune response. Anti-viral immune response requires the activation of the inflammatory pathways of the immune system. Cytokines are a crucial part of the inflammatory responses.  There are pattern recognition receptors in the body that recognize the invading virus. This leads to the activation of several signaling pathways, resulting in the recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of infection where they perform various effector functions that serve to combat the triggering infection. The important inflammatory cytokines involved in innate immune responses are IL-1, TNF- α, and IL-6. The “cytokine storm” happens where there is a sudden increase in the circulating levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. This increase in cytokines results in the influx of various immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells from the circulation into the site of infection with destructive effects on human tissue resulting from the destabilization of endothelial cell to cell interactions, damage to vascular barrier, capillary damage, diffuse alveolar damage, multiorgan failure, and ultimately death. Lung injury is one consequence of the cytokine storm that can progress into acute lung injury or its more severe form ARDS. The early recognition of “cytokine storm” can help in planning a prompt treatment and better treatment outcome can be expected. Several cytokine drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis are being experimented to treat Covid-19. Cytokine Targeted therapies in Covid-19 Scientist involved in research, Credits: pxfuel An Anti-IL6 drug called tocilizumab is used to manage the cytokine storm accompanying COVID-19. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Roche’s Phase III clinical trial of the use of tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The trial is planned to include 330 patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The results are quite promising. Itolizumab (anti-CD6 IgG1 monoclonal antibody) is a drug used for psoriasis developed by Biocon. The Drug Controller General of India has approved this drug for restricted emergency use for Covid-19 treatment.

There are more than 100 types of arthritis. Best foods for arthritis is a group of diseases that cause joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. Arthritis can affect any joint and it severely affects the day-to-day activities of people. This is found in individuals of all ages and ethnicities. The most frequent kind of arthritis, most often observed in women, is osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is auto-immune illness which, if left untreated, causes cartilage and bone loss. As people with arthritis report that certain foods increase their symptoms, it is believed that certain foods can help fight against inflammation. Here is a list of 10 best foods to eat if you have arthritis. The 10 Best Foods to Eat If You Have Arthritis Here is a list of 10 foods if you have arthritis. Fatty Fish Broccoli Olive Oil Cherries Green tea Citrus Fruits Grain Beans Garlic Nuts Fatty Fish Salmon, Credits: pixabay Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, sardines, and trout are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D. They have potent anti-inflammatory effects. Small scale research studies identified that people who consumed fatty fish had a decrease in their symptoms like reduced morning stiffness and a decrease in joint pain and swelling. Also, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers. To avail the benefits of fatty fish, American Heart Association recommends including at least two servings of fatty fish in your diet each week. If you are a vegetarian, try including soybeans and tofu which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Broccoli Broccoli, Credits: pixabay Broccoli contains vitamin K and C, and sulforaphane found in broccoli has been shown to block the cells that are crucial for the development of rheumatoid arthritis and also reduced the levels of inflammatory markers. Broccoli is also rich in calcium which has bone-building properties. A study involving 1005 women identified that intake of cruciferous vegetables like broccoli has been shown to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers. Olive Oil Olive oil, Credits: pixabay Studies from animal models showed that mice fed with extra virgin olive oil for six weeks exhibited a decrease in joint swelling and inflammation, and showed reduced cartilage destruction. Studies involving 333 participants also identified that the consumption of olive oil could lower the risk of arthritis. Extra virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal that contains properties similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Avocado, safflower oils, and walnut oils also have cholesterol-lowering properties and effective against arthritis. Berries Raspberries, Credits: pixabay Berries are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that provide anti-inflammatory effects. Berries are rich in quercetin and rutin, and quercetin was found to block some of the inflammatory processes associated with arthritis. You can opt for any type of berries like strawberries, blueberries, and blackberries. Pomegranates are also classified as berries and contain tannins that can fight the inflammation of arthritis. Green Tea Green tea, Credits: pixabay Green tea contains polyphenols and antioxidants and is shown to reduce inflammation and slow cartilage destruction. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an antioxidant found in green tea blocks the molecules that are responsible for joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Green tea has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Green tea bags are the ideal choices compared to powdered tea mixes. Citrus Fruits Grapes, Credits: pixabay Citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruits, and limes are rich in vitamin C. Resveratrol present in grapes helps prevent the joint thickening associated with arthritis. Vitamins present in citrus fruits helps prevent inflammatory arthritis and maintain healthy joints with osteoarthritis (OA). Grains Brown rice, Credits: pixabay Whole grains have been shown to lower the levels of C – reactive protein in the blood. CRP is an inflammatory marker associated with heart disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Oatmeal, brown rice, and whole-grain cereals are good sources of whole grains. Beans Kidney beans, Credits: pixabay Beans contain protein and fibers that lower the CRP levels. Beans contain folic acid, magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium which are important for a healthy immune system. Beans help maintain bone and muscle strength. You can opt for red beans, kidney beans, and pinto beans. Garlic Garlic, Credits: pixabay Garlic is known to have cancer-fighting properties and can lower the risk of heart disease and dementia. Garlic also holds anti-inflammatory benefits and it is believed that garlic can enhance the function of certain cells that strengthen the immune system and could lower the levels of inflammatory markers. Diallyldisulphine found in garlic can limit cartilage-damaging enzymes in human cells. Nuts Pistachios, Credits: pixabay Nuts are rich in protein, calcium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin E, and immune-boosting alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), protein, and fiber. Opt for walnuts, pine nuts, pistachios, and almonds. Walnuts have been shown to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers. Foods to Avoid If You Have Arthritis The following foods should be avoided if you have arthritis. Processed foods Certain vegetable oils Alcohol Gluten-containing foods Added sugars Processed and red meats Take-Home Message Try incorporating these foods to combat inflammation and joint pain, and to improve your overall health.

Frequent waking is a common thing for babies until six months of age. If your baby wakes up every hour and cries out uncontrollably, there are certain things to monitor and help him overcome the situation. Why Frequent Wake Ups? Babies have a tiny stomach and need to get up during the night for their feeds. Also, they are unaware of day and night differences and don’t have established circadian rhythms. Apart from these reasons, sometimes babies may wake up every hour. Here are six reasons behind it. Learning the reason may help you frame a solution appropriately. 6 Reasons Why Your Child Is Suddenly Waking Every Hour Hunger Stomach Pain Developmental milestones Noisy environment Infections Sleeping pattern Hunger A baby eating, Credits: pexels If your baby is unable to get the required amount of feed for his age, he may wake up every hour to get the nutrients he requires. Hunger is a major cause of nighttime waking. Be sure that your baby can eat well during the night and also try increasing the amount of food and look for changes in the sleeping pattern. Remedy If you are breastfeeding, make sure your baby can latch well and feed properly. If you feel your milk supply is insufficient, you can change your diet or get the help of a lactation consultant to boost your breast milk production. If your baby is formula-fed, check if it is enough for his age. Read the nutrition labels on the formula pack carefully and check any ingredients that could cause allergy. If you have started your babies on solids, you can give mashed vegetables and fruits. If you still feel that your baby may be deficient in nutrients, you can consult a pediatrician to check if your child requires any supplements. Stomach Pain As the baby’s digestive system is in the process of construction, he may wake up due to stomach discomfort or pain. Trapped air in the stomach can cause abdominal pain. Also, watch out for reflux symptoms. Remedy Gentle burping can help relieve the trapped gas. If necessary, you can try for home remedies like gripe water to solve the issue. Developmental Milestones A baby trying to stand, Credits: pexels Teething can be a reason for frequent wake-up. The teething period usually starts around six months of age and can cause infrequent sleeping schedule in babies.  Also any sort of developmental milestones like rolling, crawling, standing, and walking, cause frequent wake-ups in the night. Remedy Try helping your baby practice the milestones during the day. Noisy Environment A baby in a crib, Credits: pexels A change in the location or a noisy environment can also affect your baby’s sleep. Remedy Try not to change or shift your baby’s room for the initial few months. Also, be sure the sleeping environment during the night is less noisy, and make the place pleasant and comfortable for a sound sleep. Infections A mother and baby, Credits: pexels As your baby’s immune system is in the development mode, any sort of common cold, fever, flu can disrupt his sleep cycle. As babies grow, they start exploring things. Placing objects in the mouth can increase the chances of upper respiratory tract infections and may cause congestion and coughing. Diarrhea and fever can also cause sleep disturbances. Remedy Try to keep the environment clean and follow good hygiene. If the infection does not subside, opt for a doctor’s consultation. Sleeping Pattern If your baby is used to have long daytime naps, he may find difficulty sleeping during the night. This can cause frequent wake up during the night. Remedy Try establishing a bedtime routine. Help your baby learn the day and night differences by exposing him to natural light and introducing lots of playtime during the day. Try soothing techniques and bedtime songs for better nighttime sleep. The other reasons for wake up can be dirty diapers and overtiredness. Take-Home Message Fixing the issues helps solve your baby’s nighttime wakings.

“People may forget what you said — but they will never forget how you made them feel.” — Carl W. Buehner There is a huge importance to communication in our lives. Active Constructive responding is a better way of communication which helps strengthens a relationship. Learn more! What Is Active and Constructive Responding (ACR)? Active and constructive responding (ACR) is one of the ways how we respond to the good news. The concept of active and constructive responding was proposed by psychologist Shelly Gable. ACR is an effective way of how you react positively to a speaker. Both the speaker and listener are on a positive vibe. Example of Responding To a Situation If your partner tells you that he is planning to start a new business, there are several ways how you can respond to the question. Active Constructive Response A woman responding happily, Credits: pexels Response: Ah, it is a great idea hubby! You hold lots of potential and ideas in your core and your business can turn to a success. I wish you good luck and I am happy to support you in all possible ways. So this response is active constructive responding. The receiver enjoys the news and extends her joy in the initiation of a new thing. Characteristics: Very actively participate in the conversation with excitement and enthusiasm. The whole conversation is pleasant to the speaker and listener. The listener tries to extend the joy and tries to refill the happy moment. Body language:Orientated into the conversation, an increase in movement/hand gestures. Maintains eye contact, genuine smile, touching, and laughing. Passive and Constructive Response Response: That’s good that you are into a new venture. The response is passive and constructive responding. The receiver of the news seems happy, but the response and reaction are not elaborate and the feedback is not very positive. Characteristics:Passively involved, little enthusiasm Body Language:A head nod and a gentle smile, no active emotional expression Active and Destructive Response A discussion, Credits: pexels Response: Oh! That’s Ok. I doubt whether it will work. Starting a business is not a joke. It requires huge investments and risks. Think again! This type of response is an active and destructive response. The response is elaborative but in destructive mode. characteristics:Points out the problems of the situation, creates doubt about the decision, kills the excitement of the good news. Body language: Reactive or aggressive, authoritative movements, frowning Passive Destructive Response Response: Oh! Ok. So shall I prepare for your dinner? This response is a passive destructive response. The total mood is spoiled and there is no reaction to the good news at all. Characteristics: Does not involve in the conversation, changes the topic of the conversation Body Language: Looks at watch, sighs, turning away, and leaving the room What Are The Benefits Of ACR? A happy couple, Credits: pexels ACR helps maintain a healthy and strong relationship. ACR can increase trust, and decrease loneliness. If you maintain an ACR, you appear positive and people will love to talk to you and interact. The more positive you communicate the more active and positive your life is. You are wholeheartedly happy about other’s success and this can strengthen your bond and image. Concerning relationship, ACR can increase marital satisfaction, increase intimacy, and commitment to the relationship. It also increases the stability of the relationship. How A Negative Response Can Affect Your Brain? The amygdala, is the most primitive part of our brain, that responds to our physical and emotional safety. A negative response can lead to disconnect and mistrust. Also, experiences causing negative emotions trigger a fight-or-flight survival response in the brain. A negative response cause distraction, fear, angry, and dampens confidence. Active Constructive Responding Log Always try to maintain an active constructive response. If you are not practicing, try doing it and see the amazing things happening in your life. You can try the following. Take-Home Message Active constructive responding is a communication skill that can improve your relationships.

A new mom has to get ready for lots of sleepless nights. Newborns during the initial few weeks find it difficult to sleep at the night. Here we are discussing the sleep schedule of a newborn week by week. Sleep Schedule of Newborns A newborn sleeping, Credits: pixabay During the first few weeks of birth, newborns spend 18 hours a day sleeping. However, their sleep will not be for long stretches. A mother has to wake up to feed and change the diaper often. The sleep patterns of a baby keep changing. The sleep pattern of a three-week baby will be different from that of a 20 weeks baby. Babies will develop a consistent nighttime sleep when their need to feedings reduces, when they have a constant melatonin production, and develop circadian rhythms. This usually happens when babies are on solid foods and when they approach their first birthday. Why Nighttime Sleep Is Difficult For Babies? A baby sleeping, Credits: pixabay When babies are in the womb, they are asleep most of the time and receive a steady stream of nourishment around the clock. When babies reach the world, this world seems to be an entirely different place. They need to learn how to eat and wake, which takes a sizeable amount of time.Also, newborns don’t stay in deep sleep (REM sleep) for long periods at a time, so they are more susceptible to frequent wake-ups. As the months pass, infants stick to a sleep schedule. Baby Sleep Schedule Here is the baby’s sleep pattern during different stages of development. 0-6 weeks: The sleeping pattern is erratic and babies prefer sleeping most of the time. They only wake to eat. 2-3 months: Your baby will not be awake for more than 2 hours. You can start introducing good sleep habits which can lay a foundation for healthy sleep. 4-6 months: Some babies could sleep through the night. While in others, sleep regression is seen. 6-10 months: The sleep pattern may vary from one baby to another. Ideally, you can expect some long stretches of sleep (5-10 hours) during the night. 10-12 months: Some babies experience sleep regression even at 12 months. You can expect 10-12 hours of nighttime sleep. Baby Sleep Schedule ChartBaby’s ageNumber of napsNap DurationDay time Sleep hoursNighttime sleep hoursNighttime hours in a stretchTotal Sleep hours per dayBirth to six weeksVaries30 minutes to 4 hoursVariesVariesPossibly 4 hours14 to 17 hours2 months3-530 minutes to 3 hours7-9 hours8-9 hoursPossibly 6 hours14 to 17 hours3 months3-430 minutes to 2 hours4-8 hours8-10 hoursPossibly 6 hours14 to 16 hours4 months2-31 to 2 hours3-6 hours9-10 hours6-8 hours, sometimes12 to 16 hours5-6 months2-31 to 2 hours3-4 hours10-11 hours10-11 hours, sometimes12 to 16 hours7-8 months21 to 2 hours3-4 hours10-12 hours10-12 hours, maybe12 to 16 hours9 months21 to 2 hours3-4 hours10-12 hours10-12 hours, often12 to 16 hours10-12 months21 to 2 hours3-4 hours10-12 hours10-12 hours, usually12 to 16 hours Adapted from https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/baby-sleep-schedule.aspx, accessed on 25/09/20 Baby Sleep Safety Tips Babies should be allowed to sleep at the back to avoid the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. The crib and bassinet should be free from stuffed animals, blankets, and toys.

A new mom may find it difficult to dress her baby for sleep. Here are a few things that you can consider incorporating while dressing your baby sleep at night. What Should Baby Wear To Bed? A baby’s crib, Credits: pixabay The general rule is adding one additional layer of dressing during the bedtime. Babies should not sleep with a loose sheet or blanket. When you put your baby to sleep, the ideal room temperature should be between 68° and 72°F. It is important not to overdress your baby as overheating is a risk factor for the development of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It is important to place your baby on their back on a firm surface for sleep. The crib or bassinet should be free from blankets, stuffed animals, bumpers, and pillows. For the first 6 to 12 months, your baby can sleep in your room, preferably in their crib or bassinet. Also, sharing a room has been shown to reduce the risk of SIDS. But co-sleeping in the same bed is not recommended. When you feel your baby is sick, prefer light clothing. Sleeping patterns may vary according to age and it is important to revise your style according to their stage of development. How to Dress My Baby for Sleep? Here are things to consider when you dress your baby for sleep, in different stages and seasons. Swaddling Dressings during summer Dressings during winter Swaddling A swaddled baby, Credits: pixabay Newborns have lots of reflex in their initial few months. One such reflex is the startle reflex, which is the sudden jerk of her body while sleeping. This reflex is completely normal. This reflex is seen from birth and may last until 12 weeks or six months of age. In some babies, startling reflexes may jolt a baby to wake from sleep. However, swaddling your baby may help prevent these jerks and may induce sound sleep in them. Swaddling can help your baby having long stretches of sleep. You have to swaddle in such a way that only their head is peeking out. Swaddling gives a feeling to your baby that she is in your womb. This technique is not mandatory and you can decide whether to opt for it or not. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), practicing swaddling in the right way can be an effective method to promote sleep in infants. It is important to stop swaddling once your baby starts to roll on her side or tummy. According to AAP, swaddling your baby has to be stopped when she is two months old. Dressings during Summer A baby sleeping, Credits: pexels A basic short-sleeve cotton or organic cotton bodysuit is ideal during warm nights.  When your air conditioner is on, you can opt for cotton long-sleeve pajamas with footies. Clothes made from natural fibers or pure cotton is the best during summers. During summer, check for signs of overheating. Perspiration, rash, wet hair, red cheeks, and quickened breathing are some signs that your baby is overheating. Dressings during Winter A baby on a winter suite, Credits: pexels The choice of appropriate sleepwear is important during winter. Opt for full-length comfortable clothes during winter. Covering your baby’s head with a hat during a winter sleep is not recommended as they can slip off your baby’s head and cover their face, inhibiting free breathing. If you notice your baby’s hands and feet turning bluish, add an extra layer of clothing. So here is a table that can guide you well to choose your baby clothes, according to the temperature. TemperatureWhat to Wear?Less than 16 degreesGloves, Socks, Hat, Pyjamas, and a full bodysuit Between 16 and 17 degrees Socks, Pyjamas, and a full bodysuit Between 18 and 19 degreesPyjamas and a full bodysuit Between 20 and 21 degreesPyjamas and dresses with short sleevesBetween 22 and 23 degrees Full body pyjamasBetween 24 and 25 degrees A suit with short sleevesAround 26 degrees A light bodysuit with short sleeves Take-Home Message Babies should be dressed aptly during sleep. Remember the general rule is “Plus one layer during winter” and “minus one layer during winter”.

Your baby must be dressed cotton clothes for baby appropriately according to the seasons. Here are few tips on how to dress your baby in hot and cold weather. How to Dress A Baby?-General Guidelines As babies can’t regulate the temperature, it is important to dress them properly according to the weather to prevent illness and infections. Your little one’s clothes must be dry, as hypothermia may result from wet or damp clothing. The clothes you choose for your baby should be soft, comfortable, and easy to take care of. Cotton clothes for baby are a good choice as they keep your baby cooler in hot weather and they are gentle to your baby’s sensitive skin. Your baby’s rectal temperature should be between 98 and 100 degrees F. When these readings are out of range, it can be a sign of illness. If you have a premature baby, it is good to have another layer of clothing, until your baby’s weight reaches the weight of a full-term baby. Avoid using strong detergents and fabric softeners when washing your baby’s cotton clothes for baby. When your baby is sick, dress him in lighter, acrylic fabrics. How to Dress My Baby during Cold Weathers? Here are few tips to follow when you dress your baby during winters. Temperature When you place your baby to sleep, be sure to keep the room temperature between 68 and 72 degrees Fahrenheit. Add an Extra Layer It is ideal to add an extra layer of clothing to your baby during cold weather to keep them warm. If you plan to go outside in extreme temperatures, dress your baby in long-sleeved shirt and pants. For an extra layer, a wearable blanket sleeper or sleep sack is a safe alternative. Snowsuits can also be used. Cover up A baby dressed in winter, Credits: pexels During extreme cold weather, your baby should be covered from the head-to toe. Use gloves, mittens, hats, socks, and boots, whenever necessary. Use Blankets If you plan to use a stroller, use a stroller rain cover as one layer and make sure there is sufficient heat in it. You can also use blankets to resist the temperatures when using a stroller. Car Safety When you travel in a car, follow the safety measures. You can remove your baby’s bulky coat when you are in the car, as it can compress below the harness and be too loose during any unprecedented situations like an accident. A baby can wear multiple thin layers and hats and mittens in the car seat. Do Not Overheat Remember not to dress your baby in too many layers as overheating is one of the factors that cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Make sure to remove your baby’s winter clothes once you reach home to prevent overheating. How to Dress My Baby during Hot Weathers? A baby in a cotton dress, Credits: pexels Just like extremely cold temperatures, hot and humid temperatures are equally dangerous. When your baby is hotter than usual, she may look exhausted, and there may be hot flushes on your baby’s skin and face. Consider the following tips when you dress your baby in hot weather. Soft Clothes When the temperature is more than 75 degrees F, a single layer of clothing is sufficient for your baby. Overdressing your baby during summer can cause heat rash. Very minimum clothes can cause sunburn and heatstroke. Always prefer to use lightweight and comfortable cotton clothes during summer. Avoid dark colors as it absorbs more heat and makes it hotter. Lightweight Hat A baby wearinga hat, Credits: pexels Use hats to protect your baby’s head from direct sunlight and heatwaves. The baby carriers you use should also be comfortable. Sunscreens It is best to avoid sun exposure during the first six months. Most pediatricians recommend the use of sunscreens in babies of all ages. There are also special sunglasses available for newborns to protect them from UV rays. Nappy Instead of a commercial diaper, you can opt for a cotton nappy as it permits better airflow. Reduce Lotions Reduce the use of powders and lotions during summer as they are sensitive to the baby’s skin in hot temperatures. There are chances that they can irritate your baby’s skin in hot temperatures. Take-Home Message It is important to use appropriate cotton clothes for baby dresses your baby, according to the season. A properly dressed baby is happier physically and mentally.

Rehabilitation is to recover and restore from an injury and surgery. Learn the types of rehabilitation therapy. What is Rehabilitation? Rehabilitation therapies are done in a controlled, medical environment. The goal of it is to help your body regain strength and find ways to perform activities that could otherwise be difficult. There are different types of rehabilitation therapies. The common objective is to help the patient return to a healthy and active lifestyle. Rehabilitation helps treat different injuries. The common ones are orthopedic, neurologic, and musculoskeletal injuries.  In some rare instances, genetic disease and degenerative diseases are also treated. Depending on the need, the type of rehabilitation can be inpatient or outpatient. Inpatient rehabilitation services are the ones a person receives in a hospital following an amputation, brain injury or stroke, orthopedic and spinal injury. Outpatient rehabilitation refers to the type of treatment like physical, occupational, and speech therapies. Outpatient rehabilitation helps to treat a variety of conditions like cancers, neurological disorders, neck and back pain, speech problems, psychological disorders, pre- and post-natal issues, and more. What Are The Types Of Rehabilitation Therapies? The types of rehabilitation therapies are Occupational Therapy Physical therapy Speech Therapy Respiratory therapy Cognitive Rehabilitation Vocational Rehabilitation Occupational Therapy A therapist helping an old person in hand movements, Credits: pexels People who find difficulties in performing everyday activities require the help of occupational therapists. “Occupation” refers to everyday tasks, recreational activities, and self-care practices. An occupational therapist identifies the disability and helps a person to complete tasks like eating, dressing, and work-related activities. He can help modify the way a task is approached or help a person develop the necessary skills to accomplish a task. Examples of Occupational Therapy Children with physical disabilities can get help from an occupational therapist to learn the coordination needed to perform tasks like using a computer and improving their handwriting. Seniors who encounter age-related physical problems may get the help of anoccupational therapist to approach the task in a modified way. Individuals who experienced a traumatic brain injury and have limited cognitive functions can get the help of an occupational therapist to complete their daily activities. Physical Therapy A therapist giving physical therapy, Credits: pixabay People who have pain and mobility issues require the help of physical therapists. Physical therapy is used to relieve pain, provide rehabilitation after a stroke, injury, or surgery, and helps address sports-related injuries. Examples of Physical Therapy Exercises and stretches to relieve pain, improve mobility, or regain strength. Massage, heat, and cold therapy to ease muscle pain and spasms. Patients who underwent knee or hip replacement need physical therapy to increase their strength and flexibility. Speech Therapy A therapist giving speech therapy, Credits: pexels People who have speech issues and find difficulties in language, communication, and fluency require the help of a speech therapist. Speech therapy helps the patient communicate in more useful and functional ways. The common techniques used to address speech issues are articulation therapy, feeding and language therapy, and language intervention activities. Examples of Speech Therapy Certain conditions like cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, and cleft palate cause difficulties with drinking, swallowing, or communicating. These issues can be corrected by a speech therapist. Other common conditions that are addressed include dyslexia, aphasia, dysphagia, and Parkinson’s disease. Respiratory Therapy This therapy is to help patients who have breathing disorders and difficulties. Respiratory therapy helps decrease respiratory distress and helps patients to use inhalers and supplemental oxygen appropriately. Examples of Respiratory Therapy Respiratory therapists help improve outcomes for people with asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, lung trauma, and other diagnoses. Respiratory therapists can evaluate your breathing, recommend exercises, and monitor the progress. Cognitive Rehabilitation Cognitive Rehabilitation therapy aims to address the cognitive problems that arise after brain surgery. This therapy helps improve memory, thinking and reasoning skills. Vocational Rehabilitation A person working, Credits: pexels This therapy helps individuals return to work after an injury, illness, or medical event. Types of Rehabilitation for Addiction Once a person is addicted to drugs and substances, it is difficult to recover from it. Various treatment modalities help relive from addiction, this includes detoxification and cognitive behavioral therapy. Types of Rehabilitation For Prisoners Education Rehabilitation Employment Rehabilitation Counseling Rehabilitation Wellness Rehabilitation Community Rehabilitation Take-Home Message Rehabilitation plays an important role in a patient’s recovery following surgery and any form of illness.

Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus to treat conditions like endometriosis and cancer. After a hysterectomy, a woman loses her fertility and menstruation.As there are hormonal changes, weight gain is common after hysterectomy. Here are a few tips that help women to lose weight after a hysterectomy. Why A Hysterectomy Is Done? Hysterectomy is done to To treat cervical, uterine, ovarian, and endometrial cancers To reduce chronic pain and heavy bleeding caused by fibroids, endometriosis, and other conditions During a uterine prolapse If a hysterectomy is done to treat cancer, and in conjunction with that chemotherapy is done, it can lead to weight loss. So weight loss is not a side effect of hysterectomy. Some of the side effects of hysterectomy include numbness near the area of the incision, mood swings, hot flashes, and insomnia. Can A Hysterectomy Cause Weight Gain? An obese woman, Credits: pexels A hysterectomy can cause weight gain. The reasons are listed below. Following a hysterectomy, production of estrogen and progesterone is stopped, and there is an increase in the level of male hormones. A male pattern of weight gain is seen, where an accumulation of fat is seen around the waist. Low levels of physical activity, slow metabolism, and a sedentary lifestyle can also be causatives for weight gain after a hysterectomy. Weight gain after hysterectomy is considered harmful as it leads to pelvic floor weakness and vaginal prolapse. Tips To Reduce Weight after Hysterectomy Following a hysterectomy, any forms of strenuous activity should be avoided for four to six weeks. Good nutrition, exercises, and relaxations techniques are important after a hysterectomy. By following the right lifestyle modifications you can reduce the risk of heart diseases, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. We are discussing the following three factors to reduce weight post-hysterectomy. Nutrition Exercises Stress relaxation Nutrition Fruits and vegetables, Credits: pexels Having a well-balanced diet with limited calories helps you to maintain weight. Limit junk food. It is ideal to have fresh fruits and vegetables, as they are packed with antioxidants and fiber. Whole grains like oatmeal, brown rice, and cereals are ideal choices. Avoid Trans and saturated fats. Incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Have calcium and vitamin D rich foods to maintain bone mass. Have low-fat milk to your diet. Stay hydrated. Exercises A woman swimming, Credits: pexels You have to choose exercises which you feel you can stick to it consistently. Aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, and dance exercises are good choices. Exercises help reduce weight and aim for at least 20 to 30 minutes of exercises on most days. Exercises help improve your mood and help you sleep better. For weight loss, you can do strength training exercises like lifting hand weights. These exercises help improve your posture and strength. Start with a weight that you are comfortable handling for at least eight repetitions. Gradually you can make it to 12. You can try doing kegel exercises as these exercises help to tighten pelvic floor muscles and prevent vaginal prolapse. To avoid falls, fracture, and improve flexibility and build body strength, yoga and Pilates can be helpful. Stress Relaxation A woman meditating, Credits: pexels As with any surgery, mood swings and stress are likely to follow. Practice stress relaxation techniques that help you stay mentally better. Learn your ways to relax. It can be soothing music, deep breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation techniques. Meditate and pray. Keep yourself socially active. Aim to sleep better as sleep helps you to recover from stress. Take-Home Message Weight loss after a hysterectomy is possible through the right exercises and diet.

What Is Spoon Theory? Spoon theory was proposed by Christine Miserandino. She suffered from an autoimmune disease called lupus and found it difficult to describe how this illness affects her physically and mentally. In a restaurant, when she was dining with her friend, her friend questioned how it to live with lupus is. Christine could not find words to describe her pain, so she grabbed all the spoons nearby and described each spoon is a unit of energy. She described that when people suffer from chronic illness, they have a limited number of spoons each day and they have to use them wisely. The concept of “Spoon theory” is not limited to lupus, but is used to describe mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. There is also another theory called “Fork theory”. Forks are stress that we handle every day. The more the folks, we have, the more harmful our lives are. How Difficult Is To Live With Depression And Anxiety? A depressed man, Credits: pixabay While it is difficult to live with chronic physical illnesses like arthritis and lupus, living with mental disorders is even more pathetic. It is unimaginable to understand people’s emotions and mood swings. People with depression have low energy levels, find difficult to concentrate and make decisions. People with anxiety face sleeping difficulties, have worry, fear, and become panic. Spoon theory is a creative way to communicate the energy levels of people suffering from chronic illness. Lots of people identify themselves as “spoonie” and describe their illness and story on social media. Spoon Theory for Depression and Anxiety Different spoons, Credits: pixabay The energy levels are majorly impacted by people who suffer from mental health problems. People with chronic illnesses like depression have a limited number of spoons to complete their tasks. The following is an example of how a mother with depression manages to use a limited number of spoons to complete her daily chores.One spoonGet out of bed, get dressed, take pills, and unload the dishwasherTwo spoonsTake bath, prepare meals, make kids ready for school, and load the dishwasherThree spoonsPlaying with kids, doing mild housework, and go to a nearby placeFour spoonsGoing to the office, doctor consultation, and exercise Most of the tasks are essential tasks of the day, and cannot be avoided. Imagine how people manage these tasks with a limited number of spoons they have. If they wish to do extra tasks, they are out of spoons, meaning deprived of energy. People with chronic illness have to plan very efficiently to manage their spoons when they come out of the bed. Manage Your Spoons People suffering from depression and anxiety need to manage their spoons wisely as they are very precious to them. So sleep well, eat healthily, and practice mindfulness.

Spoon theory is a metaphor used to describe how a person feels the pain when suffering from a chronic illness. In this theory, a spoon is a unit of energy. Let’s learn more about it! Nobody can imagine the day to day lives of people suffering from chronic illness. Even if you have a family member or a best friend who is suffering from chronic illness, it is practically difficult to understand their pain and act accordingly. Healthy people have enormous and unlimited amounts of energy and they can do what they wish. But people who suffer from chronic illness cannot do what they wish. They find it difficult even to complete the most essential tasks of the day. What Is Spoon Theory? Person with chronic illness, Credits: pixabay To explain the energy levels of people suffering from chronic illness, Christine Miserandino in 2003 proposed spoon theory. Miserandino had lupus and she found it very difficult to explain how she suffered physically and mentally, because of lupus (an autoimmune disease that causes fatigue and joint pain). So she put forth the “Spoon Theory”. She illustrated her point by laying out the spoons in a diner and described that each spoon was energy for a task throughout the day. Miserandino took away a spoon for every single task: showering, getting dressed with painful joints, standing on a train. When the spoons were gone, it meant they are running out of energy. According to Miserandino, if a person is healthy, they own an unlimited amount of spoons and they can accomplish their things easily. And people,with chronic illness, have a limited number of spoons and have to manage their spoons wisely. Spoon theory can be applied to mental health as well. People suffering from depression find it difficult to wake up and complete their daily tasks. So spoon theory is an easy way to communicate your friends on how many spoons you have in a day, and how well you are managing. If you are deprived of energy, seek professional help. Is “Spoon Theory” Accepted? Though spoon theory is not developed on the type of illness and symptoms of the disease, it is an amazing tool to describe how life is for people suffering from chronic illness. People suffering from chronic illness identify themselves as a “spoonie”. Dawn Gibson identifies her as a spoonie, as he lives with spondylitis, food allergies, and learning difficulties. In 2013, she created a Twitter chat called SpoonieChat (Wednesday nights from 8 to 9:30 p.m. Eastern time). During this chat, people share their experiences as Spoonies. So the advent opened up a platform for people suffering from chronic illness to describe their sufferings, emotions, and their difficulties during the day to day activities. People who care for the spoonies also share their experiences. Where Is “Spoon Theory” Applied? Spoon theory is most commonly used to describe the autoimmune disease and mental health disorders like Lupus Multiple sclerosis (MS) Fibromyalgia Arthritis Depression Anxiety Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Endometriosis Autism Leukemia Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Different spoons, Credits: pixabay The following is an example of how people use their spoons throughout the day: Getting out of bed (1 spoon) Bath time (1 spoon) Dressing (1 spoon) Cooking breakfast (2 spoons) Commute (3 spoons) Task completion at work or school (3 spoons) This is simply an example. The number of spoons a person requires for each activity may vary depending on their level of illness. Conclusion Spoon theory is a way for people suffering from chronic illness to describe their energy levels. Since it has practical implications, this theory makes sense and cannot be considered “bogus”.

From babies to adults, each one of us requires good sleep. Good sleeping habits must be inculcated from the infancy. Who Need A Sleep Consultant? A baby crying, Credits: pixabay It is well known that babies struggle to sleep well in the initial few months. If you feel that you fit in the following categories, you may need a sleep consultant. Your child has crossed six months, but wakes up every two to three hours, and could not nap well. The lack of sleep is affecting your daily activities. You are tired and frustrated, and the lack of sleep is making your life chaotic. There is no ideal age to have a consultation with a sleep consultant, if you feel that struggle to manage the situation persists after 12 weeks of your baby, it is worth having a consultation with a sleep consultant. It is always ideal that you try all the methods before hiring for a sleep consultant. How A Sleep Consultant Can Help You? Sleep consultant work guiding the parents to learn how to create good sleep habits and putting the elements into practice. Sleep consultants act as cheerleaders, supporters, and educators. There are several personalized approaches designed and you have to decide whether that works for your family. There are several ways in which a sleep consultant works. In a telephonic conversation, a sleep consultant can learn aboutthe baby and the parents and could identify the sleep issues. Some consultants can do an in-house consultation and could meet the baby in person. During these situations, the underlying factors for the sleep issue can be traced better. If your baby has jaundice, flat-head syndrome, and other medical factors, it can affect your baby’s sleep. Some consultants are nurses where issues like sleep apnea, airway issues, or reflux can be easily identified. Sleep consultants may also analyze the sleeping environment of the baby and if necessary, they can make recommendations to promote sleep. Depending on the age of your baby, techniques might be initiated. If your baby is very young, it is checked whether swaddling can help them sleep better. A consultant can also help your baby to self-soothe. Sleep consultant could make a follow-up call or make home visits to check if the situation is getting better. What Are The Common Sleep Disorders In Adults? A sleepless woman, Credits: pixabay There are plenty of sleep disorders that affect adults. If your sleep affects the quality of your life, consult a doctor immediately. The following are the common sleep problems in adults. Insomnia: Inability to sleep well at night due to stress, health conditions, or intake of certain medicines. Sleep apnea: In this disorder, breathing stops temporarily during sleep. Restless leg syndrome: This sleep disorder causes an almost irresistible urge to move your legs (or arms) at night. Narcolepsy: This sleep disorder involves excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness How to Become a Certified Sleep Consultant? Most sleep consultants have degrees in nursing, infant and childhood development, or child psychology. You can enroll in the following institutes if you wish to take up a career as a sleep consultant. These institutions offer certified courses and also address adult sleep issues.Name of the InstituteWebsite/AddressNithra Institute of Sleep SciencesNo. 29 Plot No, Door, 1997, 13th Main Rd, J Block, Anna Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600040International Institute of Sleep SciencesNest Hospital, ThaneBLK Super Speciality HospitalPusa Road, New Delhi-110005Respiratory, Sleep Medicine and Critical CareApollo Hospitals, New DelhiComprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders (CCSD)SreeChitraTirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, TrivandrumEndorphin23, Prashant Nagar, Opp Prashant Hall, Behind Kaka Halwai, L. B. Shastri Road, NaviPeth, Pune – 411030 Looking For Sleep Consultants in India? The following is a list of sleep consultants in India. Ms. Kerry Bajaj, Sleep consultant in Mumbai, India Ms. Ajita Gopal Seethepalli, Child Sleep, and Child Food Habits Consultant, Mumbai, India Ms. Rukhya Khan, Baby sleep consultant, Mumbai