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Bones are tissues containing calcium and minerals. They are required to aid in movement, and to support the body. Diseases tend to remove essential nutrients from the bones that are important. It also causes the bones to break and become weak. Sometimes there can also be excess of calcium causing excess growth and thereby leading to abnormalities. As the density of the bones reduces, a person starts to become weak. 1. What Is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis occurs when the quality and density of the bone has reduced. People tend to incur fractures as bones become more porous and fragile. Bone loss is a progressive and silent process. You may not even realise until your first fracture. As and when old bones are broken down new ones are formed. Hips, wrists, and spinal bones are some of the more common bones prone to fractures. 2. What are The Risk Factors for Osteoporosis? Women are at a greater risk of getting this disease due to hormonal changes caused in the body during the period of menopause. From the age of 40, bone tissue loss in the body begins to increase at a faster rate. The body cannot replace bone tissue as quickly as it loses it. However, in females, after menopause, estrogen production stops and thus bones no longer have its protective effects. Caption: Osteoporosis makes your bones weak Credits: Commons wikimedia Alt tags: Risk factor Risk factors associated with osteoporosis include: Family history of fractures resulting from minor falls Frequent falls Long-term enforced bed rest Reduced physical activity Low body weight Loss in height Periods stop for more than 12 months 3. How Common is Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a global healthcare problem. One of the most common and debilitating chronic diseases in the world, one in every five men and one in every three women above the age of 50 are affected. Although more common in older people, osteoporosis can sometimes affect younger people. 4. How Do I Know I Have Osteoporosis? It is necessary to consult a doctor when someone feels too weak as there are no clear symptoms other than a fracture for osteoporosis. The doctor takes a thorough examination, including information on recent fractures and suggests taking a bone mineral density (BMD) test. Of all the different BMD tests there, the most accurate is the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. It is a low radiation X-ray capable of detecting low percentages of bone loss within the body. 5. How Can I Prevent Weak Bones? Heredity plays a major role in determining whether you will be at a greater risk of osteoporosis. Certain lifestyle activities also play a key role in helping to build and maintain strong bones. Good exercise and healthy eating habits in childhood and maintaining these habits as you age is the best way to help prevent weak bones. Ensure that you get enough calcium and vitamin D every day, have a healthy diet, do regular weight-bearing exercises, quit smoking, and drink limited alcohol. 6. How Can Kids Build Their Bones? Ensure that your children get enough calcium and vitamin D, so they can build strong bones while young. They must be encouraged to have a balanced diet high in proteins and other minerals. Milk and different dairy foods are the richest and most readily available sources of calcium. It is also necessary to educate them about the importance of weight-bearing exercises, effects of smoking and excessive alcohol on bones. Caption: It is necessary to have a good diet and healthy lifestyle Credits: Flickr Alt tags: 3D spinning vertigo 7. What Are The Treatments For Osteoporosis? There are lots of effective treatment options that are available that act quickly to maintain bone density and reduce risk of having fractures. The choice of treatment to be undergone must be tailored to a patient’s specific medical needs and lifestyle. To ensure adequate intake and maximum effectiveness of the drug therapy, calcium and vitamin D supplements are usually prescribed.

There are a lot of rumours and myths about cancer that make it hard for people to realise what’s true about this disease. These are some of the frequently asked questions related to cancer: 1. Is there a difference between tumors and cancers? In both, the cells of our body begin to divide without stop. The main difference between cancers and tumors is that in the first case, this can occur anywhere in the body, while in the second, it occurs in bones, muscles and organs such as the brain or lungs. 2. Who can get cancer? Everyone is prone to this deadly disease, although the risk goes up by age. Factors such as whether a person smokes, lifestyle choices such as what they eat and how much they exercise, family history of cancer etc determine the level of risk. 3. How does cancer begin? Our body consists of a variety of cells. In normal conditions, cells grow, divide, become old, die, and are then replaced by new cells. But sometimes cells mutate, grow out of control, and form a mass, or tumour, instead of dying. 4. What does the tumour do? Cancerous tumours attack and kill the tissues in the body. They also spread to other parts of the body, causing new tumours to form. This process is known as metastasis and it shows that cancer has advanced to a late stage. Caption: Woman with a large facial tumour. Credits: Flickr Alt tags: Facial tumour 5. Is cancer genetic? Yes, cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer is caused due to changes made in genes that control the way our cells function, causing them to behave irregularly. If someone has a known family history of hereditary cancer, genetic testing is often recommended. 6. Is cancer contagious? Unlike the common cold and flu, cancer is not contagious. You cannot catch cancer from someone who has the disease. 7. Is there a vaccine for cancer? There is no vaccine for cancer. But there exist vaccines for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B. HPV can cause cancer and getting vaccinated against it can help protect against various types of cancer. 8. Can stress cause cancer? No scientific evidence has shown that a person’s personality or work and family pressure can make them prone to getting cancer. Stress does affect the immune system, but there are other factors too. No connection has been found between psychological stress and cancer. 9. Does sugar feed cancer? Sugar intake has not been shown to directly increase the risk of getting cancer, having cancer spread, or having it progress. Sugars and sweetened drinks add a lot of calories to the diet and cause weight gain, which is linked to causing cancer. 10. Can cancer be cured? Yes. When the cancer treatment begins to work, the doctor would say the cancer is in remission. A partial remission is when the cancer begins to shrink but doesn’t totally disappear. A complete remission would be when there is no longer any sign of cancer. 11. What are the stages of cancer, and what do they mean? Cancer typically has four stages 1 through 4. Some cancers even have a stage zero. Stage 0 means the cancer is still found in the place it started and hasn’t spread to nearby tissues. Stage 0 cancers are mostly curable. 12. Does cancer have symptoms? Caption: Parotid tumour, a salivary gland tumour in a patient Credits: Commons wikimedia Alt tags: Symptom of a tumour The signs and symptoms of cancer depend on where the cancer is located and how big it can be. As the cancer develops, it starts pushing on the surrounding organs. The pressure caused by this can show signs and symptoms. 13. How do cancer drugs work? Chemotherapy is used to destroy cancer cells. But chemotherapy drugs can sometimes harm healthy cells, leading to various side effects. In recent times, targeted drugs block genes or proteins found in the cancer cells. 14. When should I get tested for cancer? Depending upon an individual’s age and daily habits can help a person decide what kind of screening test he must take. It’s good to have a conversation with a doctor about what type of test you might need and when.

Diabetes is a group of diseases in which the functioning of the body is impaired, resulting in a high blood glucose level. It is estimated that India has 77 million people suffering from diabetes with type 2 diabetes cases being the majority. The predictions for diabetes in India are grim as it is expected to increase. The following are FAQs about diabetes: What Should be My Diet If I Have Diabetes? Diabetes is a condition in which you need to monitor your diet. The restrictions are not on what you eat but how much you eat it. Any kind of food item can be consumed in small quantities but there are some food items which are beneficial and those which can be bad. The following should be consumed: Carbohydrates in the form of whole grains and legumes. Fibre-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables Low Cholesterol items such as canola oil Foods rich in starch Maintain a good protein intake. The things to avoid are: High Cholesterol items such as egg yolks Food which contains trans fat Processed Food High Sodium content Maintain a diet plan and stick to it. Use these tips as a reference for making a healthy diet plan. What are the Symptoms of Diabetes? Credits: Pexels Caption: Slow wound healing is a common symptom of diabetes. Alt text: A person cleaning a wound. The manifestation of diabetes can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms are: Weight Loss Increase in frequency of urination. Breathing Difficulty Low energy level Sudden tiredness and fatigue Bedwetting among children Nausea Changes in mood Stomach issues Increased susceptibility to infections Taking longer time for wounds to heal Increased irritability and confusion If you observe any of these signs then you should see a doctor as catching diabetes early is important. Can the Weight Loss Caused by Diabetes Be Dangerous? Weight loss is considered good as long as it is intentional. Unfortunately, the weight which is lost due to diabetes is not intentional and it can be dangerous. To understand the difference between intentional and unintentional weight loss the most important factor to know is if you have made any lifestyle changes that can reduce weight. If you have lost weight suddenly then you should consult a doctor. Losing weight on purpose is good for health and should be done. Can Diabetes be Cured? At the moment, there is no cure for diabetes. The treatment focuses on managing the disease. Irrespective of the type of diabetes, they are irreversible conditions. Throughout your life depending on how effectively you manage the disease, the dosage forms and treatment will be varied by your doctor. The treatment and management of the disease will have to be done for the rest of your life. Most people get used to it so do not be disheartened if you are diagnosed with diabetes. Can Diabetes be the Cause of Muscle Pain? Diabetes can cause pain due to two reasons. The first one is that diabetes can have a thickening effect on the soft tissues present in the limbs. This thickening effect can cause discomfort and muscle pain. The second factor which can cause muscle pain is nerve weakness. This can result in decreased nerve supply resulting in pain and discomfort. If you are feeling muscle pain then you can use topical treatments or try some alternative methods such as using an ice pack on it. Credits: Pexels Caption: Diabetes can cause muscle pain. Alt text: A man holding his neck due to pain If I Am Diagnosed with Diabetes, Does That Mean I will Have to Take Insulin? In the case of type 1 diabetes, insulin administration is required. However, in type 2 diabetes it is not necessary. There are various medications available to help manage type 2 diabetes. In severe cases, insulin is used but most people are introduced to other forms of treatment initially. The following types of medication are available for type 2 diabetes: Metformin Sulfonylureas: GLP -1 Receptor Agonists: Thiazolidinediones: Meglitinides: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Credits: Pexels Caption: Insulin is necessary in type 1 diabetes. Alt text: Insulin Syringes. Can Menopause Cause Fluctuation in Blood Glucose Levels? Yes, menopause can cause fluctuations. During menopause, there are many hormonal changes which can also affect the blood glucose levels. If you are already suffering from diabetes and are moving towards menopause then you have to carefully monitor your blood glucose level and inform your doctor of the same. Takeaway Diabetes requires treatment and management. The disease can cause many complications if left untreated. Learn how to deal with diabetes effectively. If you have any more questions about diabetes, check out our diabetes section.

Is It Right For You? In the middle of the night, it’s unusual for a human to look at the walls, think about jobs or expenses. It is tempting to take just a sleeping pill or sleep aid to ease sleep when sleep doesn’t hit. But if this gets regular, something’s definitely wrong. Reasons for insomnia might be as easy as excess caffeine intake, watching TV, telephone or other displays late at night. It can also be a sign of a psychological or medical problem. But whatever it is, sleeping pills cannot be the cure. Just temporary band aid should be used as sleep aid. Sometimes they can make the condition go worse. This doesn’t mean that medication shouldn’t be used, but it’s necessary to study the benefits against the risks. Sleep pills and sleeping aids are more efficient in short term cases, such as time traveling across time zones. Popular sleeping aids include: 1.  Melatonin As it gets dark, the brain begins to produce a hormone called melatonin. The sleep cycle is controlled by saying that it is time to go to bed. When the light is off and when there’s darkness, the brain makes less melatonin, as in winter. As people get older the amount of melatonin produced in their bodies reduces. Many sleeping aids contain melatonin. They seem to be more efficient for persons with sleep or wake-up issues. Melatonin can be very helpful for those who experience jet lag, have trouble falling asleep at night or trying to cope with shift work. 2.  Valerian Root Valerian is a plant. People use it for its medicinal properties since ancient times in Greece and Rome. Caption: Valerian root is a common sleeping aid Credits: Pixabay Alt tags: Valerian root The valerian root is a popular component of herbal supplements used by people for better sleep and relaxation. These herbal aids come in many forms, like teas, liquids, and capsules. Investigators have demonstrated that sleep consistency in people with insomnia may be improved with Valerian. Sleep aids are readily accessible from Valerian root-based pharmacies, healthcare facilities, and online shops. 3.  Chamomile Though chamomile may cause allergic reactions to those who have plant allergies, many people drink chamomile tea for its gentle sedative properties. To reap the full benefit, add 2-3 tea bags to boiling water and cover with a lid, brew for 10 minutes. It works as a mild sleep instigator for those suffering from sleep related issues. 4.  Tryptophan Tryptophan is a fundamental amino acid used to make a molecular serotonin messenger that informs the brain and body to sleep. L-tryptophan is a by-product of tryptophan, which the body changes into serotonin. Some tests showed that it would allow people to sleep more quickly. Overall, use healthier habits rather than pills for sleep. Most people do not even need sleeping pills. If you observe a healthy sleep regimen, work out alcohol and nicotine, you can change your sleep rhythm dramatically and prevent insomnia. Also study has shown that the easiest way to cure insomnia is to change your lifestyles and sleep habits. The effect on the sleep will be more beneficial than the effects of drug behavior and environmental improvements without fear of adverse effects or dependency. Caption: Meditation and breathing exercises can be good for relaxation Credits: Pixabay Alt tags: Relaxation techniques Basic relaxation techniques that can relieve stress and help you stay calm include meditation practices, muscle relaxation, breathing exercises and yoga. This can help unwind stress and get you good sleep!

What are Digestive Diseases? The conditions which are associated with the digestive tract are known as digestive diseases. The digestive tract includes the following: Oesophagus Small intestine Large intestine Stomach Liver Pancreas Gallbladder What are the Warning Signs of Digestive Disorders? The manifestation of various digestive disorders often begins with similar symptoms. The following are warning signs of digestive disorders: Stomachache Constipation Diarrhoea Heartburn Constant Bloating Nausea Vomiting Difficulty in swallowing food Change in body weight Increase in frequency of released gas Irregular bowel movements What are the Types of Digestive Diseases? Digestive diseases can be classified into two main types. Functional Disorders These are the types of disorders in which the functioning of the digestive tract is impaired. They are common conditions which are triggered due to upsetting of the GI tract. Examples of functional disorders are: Irritable bowel syndrome Constipation Structural Disorders In these conditions, the structure of the digestive system is compromised and shows abnormalities. These diseases often require corrective procedures to fix the abnormality. The following are examples of structural disorders: Haemorrhoids Anal fissures Perianal abscess Anal Fistula Diverticulitis Can Stomach Ulcers be Caused by Eating Spicy Food? No, stomach ulcers cannot be caused by eating spicy food. There is a common myth that eating spics food can cause stomach ulcers. The symptoms of already present stomach ulcers can be aggravated and observed due to the ingestion of spicy food but they cannot be caused by it. Most stomach ulcers are caused by infections or are drug-induced. Can Smoking Help in Treating Heartburn and Other Digestive Conditions? Credits: Pexels Caption: Smoking does not help in treating any digestive disorder. Alt text: A person smoking. No, smoking does not help in treating heartburn or any other digestive condition. Smoking makes heartburn worse. Heartburn is caused when a muscle called LES which is present between the oesophagus and the stomach relaxes.  This results in acidic content going back the oesophagus causing heartburn. Smoking has a relaxing effect on the LES and can increase heartburn. What are the Causes of Constipation? Constipation is a condition in which the frequency of bowel movements is less than 3 times a week. It is characterized by bowel movements which are hard to pass. The range of normal frequency bowel movements varies largely between 3 times a day to 3 times a week. This large range is considered normal. Constipation is caused by the following: Improper Diet Not drinking enough water Travelling Changes in routine Pregnancy Credits: Pexels Caption: Travelling often results in constipation. Alt Text: A woman with a suitcase. What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Irritable bowel syndrome is a digestive disorder which affects the intestine. It is fairly common in women between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The exact cause of this disorder is not known and the diagnosis is made based on symptoms. The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include: Mucus containing stools Constipation Diarrhoea Cramps Bloating What Does the Medical Procedure Endoscopy do? Endoscopy is a diagnostic procedure which is performed to diagnose digestive diseases. It is a non-surgical procedure in which a camera is inserted into the body through the mouth. The camera is very small in size and sends back images which are used for diagnostic purposes. Only go through this procedure if your doctor recommends it. How Can Digestive Disorders be Prevented? The prevention of digestive diseases can be done by maintaining a proper diet. A proper diet which is good for digestive health should focus on the following: High Fiber intake Consuming frequent meals High water intake Maintain body nutrition In addition to food intake, getting regular exercise is also helpful. Credits: Pexels Caption: Drinking plenty of water helps in preventing digestive diseases. Alt Text: A man drinking water. What is Colon Cancer? Colon cancer or colorectal cancer is a type of cancer in which a malignant tumour is formed on the inner wall of the large intestine. It is a common form of cancer. Initially, cancer does not show any symptoms but detection at an early stage is important as it increases the chances of effective treatment. It can be detected by a procedure called colonoscopy. It is recommended to get regular colonoscopies above the age of 50.

1.  What Are Respiratory Diseases? It is a disease that negatively affects the lungs and respiratory tracts in such a way that it makes the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide difficult, causing problems with breathing and other problems linked with lack of oxygen supply. They may range from mild to life-threatening symptoms. 2.  What Are Some Common Respiratory Diseases? They include the following: Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Emphysema Lung cancer Chronic Bronchitis Pneumonia Cystic Fibrosis Pleural Effusion 3.  What Causes Respiratory Disease? There are various types of respiratory and the causes vary. The most common causes include: Infections due to pathogens Consumption of tobacco Other forms of air pollutants Undeveloped lungs Genetic factors 4.  Can You Prevent a Respiratory Disease? You can reduce the risk of respiratory diseases and keep your lungs healthy by: Quit smoking Exercise, yoga and breathing exercises Wearing a mask to protect your lungs from pathogens and dust particles Maintain hygiene, especially with your face and hands Avoid breathing toxic chemicals Get vaccinated for pneumonia 5.  What Are The Symptoms of Respiratory Disease? The most common symptoms include: Difficulty breathing Heavy breathing Excessive cough and mucus formation Chest pain Coughing up blood 6.  How Long Can You Survive with Lung Cancer? More than 50% die in the first year of being diagnosed with lung cancer, making it one of the most deadly diseases. Most lung cancers cannot be cured but with effective treatment, there is a five-year survival rate but it varies with the extent and nature of the disease. However, if caught at an early stage it can be treated and cured. Unfortunately, only 16% of lung cancer cases are detected at early stages due to its complex nature. 7.  What Are the Stages of Lung Cancer? They are the following: For non-small cell cancer- Stage 1: Cancer formed but has not spread. Stage 2: Secondary cancer growths spread to lymph nodes nearby. Stage 3: Cancer had spread to the lymph nodes at the centre of the chest. Stage 4: Cancer has spread to the other lung and distant organs. For small cell cancer- Limited stage: Cancer found in one lung and lymph nodes in the lungs. Extensive stage: Spreads to the other lungs and additionally spreads to distant organs, bone marrow, and lung fluid. 8.  Do I Have Pneumonia? Pneumonia is often confused for the flu initially. The most significant and alarming symptoms are: Bluish or greyish lips and fingernails Excessive breathing or trouble breathing Chills that make you tremble High fever Low energy and fatigue 9.  What Is an Asthma Attack? During an asthma attack, the airway passages that transfer air to your lungs become swollen and shrink. As a result, the person is unable to inhale and exhale, leading to suffocation. The attack is usually triggered by dust particles, tobacco, smoke, insect allergens, pets, molds, grass, etc 10. Why is Exercise Important For COPD Patients? COPD patients suffer from shortness of breath. A lot of people wrongly assume that one must rest in order to better their breathing. When you exercise, it helps your body utilize and consume oxygen better and faster as long as it is done in moderation and your body is not overworked.

1) What is a Neurological Disease? A neurological disease is a condition in which the nervous system becomes dysfunctional or faulty due to any structural, electrical, or chemical abnormalities in any part of the nervous system. 2) What are Some Common Neurological Diseases? They are the following: Alzheimer’s Disease Headache Stroke Epilepsy Brain Injuries Parkinson’s Disease Peripheral Nerve Disorders Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Sleep Disorders Multiple Sclerosis Tremor Spinal Cord Injuries 3)  What are the Warning Signs/Symptoms of Neurological Diseases? The most common and significant warning signs include: Loss of memory/forgetfulness Muscle twitches, spasm or rigidity Loss of sensation Persistent headache Muscle weakness Unexplained pain Poor awareness/concentration Vision difficulties 4) What Causes Neurological Diseases? There are numerous types of neurological diseases and the causes of each vary. However, the most common causes include: Genetics Environmental factors that trigger genetic mutations Injury to the brain, spinal cord or nerves Nutrition-related problems like malnutrition Lifestyle-related causes 5) Why do Neurological Disorders Cause Problems Related to Memory, Movement, and Vision? The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves- all of which are responsible for any voluntary or involuntary form of movement in your body. Moreover, it is responsible for conveying messages through nerves from one part of the body to another in order for the body to appropriately respond to the changes in the environment and thus enabling vision and sensations. Lastly, brain neurons are also responsible for memory formation and other areas related to critical thinking and personality. Thus, damage to this nervous system is bound to cause problems with memory, movement, and vision. 6) What Happens at a Neurological Examination? The neurologist will test vision, coordination, reflexes, strength, and sensation while paying close attention to your medical and family history. This helps the neurologist determine if there is a problem or scope for problems in your nervous system or not. Accordingly, confirmatory tests will be performed to diagnose the problem and find the best approach to treatment. 7) Is There a Difference Between Alzheimer’s and Dementia? Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia. Whereas dementia is only a the name given to a set of symptoms. These include problems with concentration, confusion, personality changes, memory problems, etc. Other diseases that can cause dementia include traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, vascular cognitive impairment, and HIV. 8) How to Tell If a Headache Is a Migraine? Migraines have some significant symptoms like: Frequent pain on one side of the head Most commonly followed by nausea and vomiting Stabbing pain behind one eye Sensitivity to light Excessive pulsing in one wrist 9) What Are The Signs of a Stroke? A stroke needs quick medical attention in order to prevent permanent damage to the nervous system. They can be determined by the following symptoms: Visually uneven face due to numbness or weakness in one side- Ask the person to smile. One side of the arm drifting downwards-Ask the person to lift their arm. Severe headache, dizziness, and trouble in speech or understanding speech- Ask the person to repeat a few words or some general knowledge question. Problems with vision- Ask the person to visually follow the movement of your finger. If the person fails one or more of these examinations, call an ambulance immediately. 10) Do I Have a Concussion? After a head injury, a person might have a concussion if they experience symptoms like: Unusual mood swings Confusion Clouded memory Disrupted sleep patterns Vomiting Nausea

Dentistry is one of the most important health care services available to man. Dental health is very important and requires specialised professionals. Dentistry has been around for more than 9000 years. Today India has almost 3 lakh registered dentists in the country. Here we will see a period wise evolution of dentistry. The Earliest Evidence: Ancient Dentistry The earliest evidence of dentistry is of around 7000BC and is found in Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians are believed to be the first civilization that started using artificial teeth to replace broken ones. This shows that the Egyptians had a good grasp of dentistry. The first text which identifies the cause of dental decay is Sumerian and was written around 5000BC. This text highlights the presence of tooth worms as a cause of dental decay. The first dentist is believed to be an individual in ancient Egypt by the name of Hesy-Re in 2600BC. The inscription on his tomb reads, the greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of physicians. This is the first clear evidence of a dentist. Between 500BC and 100BC, early physicians started writing about dental problems. Famous early physicians such as Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about tooth decay, Gum Problems, the use of extraction tools and treatment of broken Jaw. This was the time where dentistry became a known profession and dental problems were provided treatment. Following these two physicians, various other early physicians identified dental problems and wrote about them. Dentistry as an Early Profession: The Guild of Barbers The year was 1210 when A guild of Barbers was formed in France. The guild of barbers was used to refer to a group of individuals who were trained to use sharp objects. Astonishingly, they were specialised to provide services given by modern barbers and perform surgical operations including tooth extractions. They were often called barber-surgeons because of their grooming and surgical skills. This practice remained lawless for almost 200 years. In 1400, the first laws regarding dentistry were passed. The royal decrees differentiated between the minor procedures that barbers were allowed to do and the types of procedures that were left to physicians. This gave the field a set of rules and regulations to be followed and ensure that only trained professionals were allowed to work. Credits: publicdomainpictures.net Caption: The 1400s saw dentistry become a regulated profession. Alt text: A gavel. The first specialised book on dentistry titled Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth was published in Germany in 1530. It contained detailed information about dentistry. This was followed by another book with detailed information in 1575  Complete Works by Ambrose Pare who is considered the father of surgery. The Beginning of Specialised Dentistry- 18th Century In the year 1723, a French surgeon by the name of Pierre Fauchard published a book called The Surgeon Dentist.  He is considered the father of dentistry. His book was the first to describe dental procedures in detail, mentioning the anatomy of teeth and gums. It also contained information regarding restorative procedures. This was a big step for dentistry. The latter half of the 17th century brought significant changes in terms of dental equipment. The 1790s saw the first foot-powered dental drill specially made to perform dental procedures. This was soon followed by the use of specially designed dental chairs. The 18th century saw dentistry travel to different parts of the world with dentists setting up clinics. The Era of Dental Advancements:  1800-1950 This was the period when dentistry became a commercial profession. The first commercial production of porcelain teeth in America was started by White Dental Manufacturing Company who went on to dominate the business for decades. The first dental journal of the world, the American Journal of Dental Science started publishing in 1839. This was a major step towards the advancements of dental sciences. In 1840, dental education became regulated with the establishment of Baltimore College of Dental Surgery which gave the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) degree. This allowed various individuals to learn the art of dental surgery and set up clinics so that the general public can access dentistry. The 1880s saw the development of tube-based toothpaste which take the world by storm and become the worldwide choice. This was followed by the identification of microorganisms as the cause of dental decay. Credits: Needpix.com Caption: The invention of the collapsible tube revolutionized the toothpaste industry. Alt Text: A toothpaste tube. The diagnostics of tooth problems were given a major boost with the invention of the X-ray machine. Soon it was used for diagnosing dental problems. The early 20th century brought a rapid rise in attention to dental health. The fluoridation of water began along with many colleges and dental hospitals being set up all over the world. Dental Implants Kennewick WA and modern toothbrushes were also invented in this period. Modern Dentistry: 1950’s to Today This period has seen rapid advancements in Dentistry. It began in 1957 with the invention of high-speed air-driven contra-angle handpiece which was able to produce a whopping 300000 rotations per minute. The era of rapid dentistry was born. 1960 saw the first use of laser-based techniques for dental equipment opening the door to a wide range of treatment options. It was also the year when the first electric toothbrush was produced in Switzerland. Credits: Wallpaperflare.com Caption: The 1st electric toothbrush was invented in Switzerland. Alt Text: An electric toothbrush. The 21st century has brought in many advancements in dentistry. There is a massive rise in surgical procedures, diagnostic techniques, understanding the cause of problems. Now dentistry is a huge profession. It includes specialized education, specific medications, and new advancements every day. There is a rise in the use of artificial tooth implants as well. The 21st century has also brought a vast amount of knowledge on how to prevent dental problems which have been a big plus in the fight against tooth problems. Takeaway Dentistry has come a long way. It is a very important aspect of your overall health as poor dental health can affect other parts of the body too. If you have any kind of tooth problems, visit a dentist as modern dentists provide rapid and effective treatment options for all kinds of problems.

India has extended its guidelines for the use of hydroxychloroquine, New questions are being raised everyday about its efficacy against Wuhan virus, and there is Trump who continues to push for it. Let’s have a look at all sides of this continuing debate What Is Hydroxychloroquine? HCQ is a drug generally used to cure autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and lupus. It is most often used for malaria prevention. The anti-malaria medicine chloroquine developed it. Hydroxychloroquine is only used only in just a few places in the world. Few countries, including the USA, France, Russia etc, which allowed HCQ to be used for Covid-19 with restrictions. Why Is It In The Spotlight? President Trump instigated the idea that HCQ is working against Covid-19. The combination of hydroxychloroquine & azithromycin can create history in medicine, said Trump recently. The HCQ is said to help people protect and cure themselves from the novel coronavirus. The Efficacy Of HCQ Researchers are unable to confirm benefits of hydroxychloroquine, when used separately or with azithromycin, on various patients infected with COVID-19. These drug treatments are linked to reduced survival in hospitals and an increased incidence of abnormal heartbeat in the treatment of COVID-19. Caption: 200mg strips of hydroxychloroquine tablets Credits: Publicdomainpictures Alt tags: Tablet strips Macrolides is a type of antibiotic that includes azithromycin. Studies have shown that 27 cases have been treated and a major decline in viral movement has been shown by French scientists. Azithromycin is much effective to eliminate the virus with the addition of hydroxychloroquine. The mixture reduced the viral load in general. Basically, the combination did reduce the viral load. Although the size of the study was too small for any conclusion to be considered definitive. HCQ’s side effects include heart rate changes, stomach disorders, dizziness and hallucinations. The WHO said the side effects are well known, despite the fact that there is no proper proof of how effective HCQ is in the Covid-19 treatment. The Status Of Trials The scandal on trials is understandable in an environment where uninformed people demand answers when there are none. Caption: Woman testing hydroxychloroquine at a lab Credits: airforcehollywood Alt tags: Clinical trial There currently exist 215 trials involving COVID-19 and hydroxychloroquine. These trials study the use of hydroxychloroquine on different stages of COVID-19, as well as in combination with other drugs. The UK is presently conducting a large clinical trial which is seeking to find drugs that are effective for treating COVID-19. In this, a range of treatments are being evaluated, including hydroxychloroquine. Chief Investigators of a recovery trial announced that there was no clear clinical benefit for hospitalized patients treated with hydroxychloroquine. It’s a real trial. Involving 11,000 patients in 175 hospitals in UK. The hydroxychloroquine aspect of the trial involved COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine in comparison with COVID-19 patients being treated with standard care. Mortality between those treated using hydroxychloroquine and controls was no different. Neither were there beneficial effects on hospital stay duration or other outcomes. India’s Position Recently, in India, non-health line workers were also granted permission for the consumption of Hydroxychloroquine. The drug must be avoided in people with retinopathy, hypersensitivity, cardiac problems, or glucose and phosphate deficiencies. Pregnant women or lactating mothers with young children must not consume these tablets. Also, the use of this drug must be preceded by an ECG. There is a recommendation for use of azithromycin in severe Covid-19 patients. However, its use must be limited to certain serious cases until further tests and studies are proven. Conclusion When doctors have patients who are deteriorating and there is no solution, drugs like these get used off label, before their effectiveness is established. If the drug works, it is sure to grab a lot of attention. While the world is desperately waiting for effective vaccines and treatments to cure this virus, we are left with nothing, but to listen to experts, maintain social distancing, self-isolation and testing.

1.  What is Malaria? Malaria is a life-threatening disorder caused by plasmodium species. It is characterized by symptoms like chills, fever, and profuse sweating. 2.  Is Malaria a Virus? Malaria is not caused by a bacteria or virus. It is caused by a parasite that normally resides in mosquitoes and is spread to humans when the infected mosquitoes bite. 3.  Is Malaria Contagious? No, Malaria is not a contagious disease, it doesn’t spread from person to person like cold or flu. 4.  What Is the Best Treatment for Malaria? Treatment of malaria includes killing the parasite. The length and type of treatment may vary depending on the type of malaria, symptoms, age of the person, and pregnancy. However, the first-line treatment for malaria includes Artemisinin-based combination treatment which is considered the best treatment for malaria. 5.  Can Malaria be Cured by Antibiotics? Some antibiotics like quinine can be used in treating Malaria, but it cannot be used as a prophylaxis treatment. Other antibiotics that can be used for drug-resistant parasites involve doxycycline, pyrimethamine tetracycline, sulfadoxine, or clindamycin. 6.  How do I Know If I am Suffering from Malaria? Symptoms like fever, chills, vomiting, muscle aches, severe headaches, and malaise can be experienced at the very beginning. These symptoms can often lead to life-threatening forms if not treated on time. Make sure you undergo a test for malaria after consulting with your doctor. 7.  How Long Will it Take to Recover from Malaria? Malaria can be cured within two weeks if provided with proper treatment. You can start feeling good after one week of your treatment. However, it is good to take your medicines to avoid relapse of the disease. 8.  Can You Survive Malaria Without Treatment? No, not necessarily. Malaria can return periodically over a period of years if not treated properly and may lead to a severe form. 9.  What Foods to Avoid With Malaria? Foods that are rich in fibres, fried or processed foods, or caffeinated beverages should be avoided if you have malaria People do not like to eat and drink due to loss of appetite in malaria. In such a case its good to have instant energy liquids like coconut water, or sugarcane juice, and many other energy-boosting drinks except for those which are caffeinated 10. How Does Malaria Kill? After infected mosquito bites, the malarial parasite enters into the liver to grow and multiply. It then travels into the bloodstream and destroys the blood cells. If not treated on time, it can cause severe anaemia, hypoglycemia, repeated seizures, coma, or multiple organ failure and may finally lead to death.

Dengue is a viral disease that usually occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. This virus spreads through Aedes mosquitoes, one which can easily be recognized by the black and white stripes on their bodies and legs. India contributes to 34% of the global threat of dengue and records an annual average of  20,474 cases annually. Here Are some interesting facts on dengue that may surprise you: 1)  Dengue is the most prevalent vector-borne disease Vector-borne diseases are caused by either mosquitoes, ticks or fleas which are known as vectors. They transmit parasites, bacteria or viruses into the human body. In this specific case, dengue is caused due to the transmission of a virus by the Aedes mosquito. In addition, dengue diseases usually account for 400,000 out of 700,000 deaths annually caused due to vector-borne diseases and thus making them the most prevalent viral infection with an estimate of 96 million cases, according to WHO. Caption: Typical breeding areas 2)  The mosquitoes can only breed in specific areas The reason why dengue poses a greater risk in rainy seasons in populated areas is because it serves as a suitable breeding ground and, in addition, there is a high degree of contact between mosquitoes and humans. The mosquito can practically breed in any area where clear standing stagnant water is available. These sites include tires, barrels, surface of AC trays, fridge trays, mud pots and potted plants. To get a clearer idea, each egg needs only about one teaspoon of water in order to fully develop into an adult mosquito. Although these mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant sugars, it is necessary for the females to bite humans as it requires human blood to produce eggs and maintain the breeding cycle. Credit: public domain pictures Caption: woman with hay fever 3)  Treatable in early stages, fatal in severe cases At initial stages, symptoms are mild and are often mistaken for a flu or viral infection. Most people with strong immune systems recover from this disease within a week or two when treated efficiently. However, if the disease goes untreated, it can become life threatening. Once the disease enters the severe stage dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is developed and leads to failure of the circulatory system, enlargement of the liver and fatal fever. It is then followed by excessive bleeding, shock and then eventually leads to death. Unfortunately, there is no cure for dengue. Researchers are working on the process of eradication of the Aedes mosquitoes. Caption: Elimination of Aedes mosquitoes 4)  Aedes mosquitoes is very difficult to eliminate This is because these mosquitoes have evolved and adapted within the years. When there is a shortage of water or no available rainfall, they can still lay their eggs. These eggs are adapted to survive dry conditions for several months and only start to develop when there is an adequate amount of water present, especially during the rainy season. Due to this, dengue outbreaks are observed every rainy season and also makes the elimination eradication of these mosquitoes highly difficult. 5)  It is not a contagious disease Dengue is not contagious as it cannot directly spread from one person to another. The virus is transmitted when an Aedes mosquito bites an infected dengue patient. This is when the virus enters the mosquito’s system and begins to spread and multiply over a period of 1-2 weeks. Once the mosquito is fully infected, it is capable of transmitting the virus into the human bloodstream during its next feed. Moreover, it remains infected for its entire life span which usually lasts for about a month. Credit: Nellis Air Force Base Alt tag: laboratory: hunting microscopic enemies Caption: Blood transfusion- infected donor to patient 6)  Other rare modes of transmission In rare cases, human-to-human transmission of the dengue virus can occur during organ transplant or blood transfusions when an infected donor’s blood contains a high amount of virus in the body. There has also been some evidence that suggests the possible transmission of the virus from mother to fetus through the placenta. 7)  One cannot become fully immune to dengue The dengue virus has several strains. Once a person has contracted the virus, this means that they have only contracted one particular type of strain and thus once cured, the person will have lifelong immunity to that particular strain. However, this does not mean that the person cannot get dengue again as it is possible for them to contract another type.of strain which they are not immune to. Credit: pixabay Alt tag : thermometer fever number Caption: Decline of fever 8)  Decline of fever ≠ cured A lot of people assume that when the fever subsides or the temperature lowers down, it means that they are cured from the disease. To the contrary, fever is just one of the earliest symptoms during the onset of dengue as serious complications will start  to emerge 2-3 days after the fever subsides. These complications include shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, abdominal problems, nose and gum bleeds or any form of haemorrhage.

Many of us waste far too much time berating ourselves for what we perceive to be wrong choices or bad habits. Whether it’s going out for ice cream while we’re trying to stick to a diet, sleeping in late, or failing to turn up for the class we told ourselves we’d attend. Researchers are continuously learning and coming up with new studies to unearth data about the benefits of certain behaviors. Let’s discuss a few of these habits. 1.  Fidgeting Often children are chastised for being unable to sit still, and you can still believe as an adult that fidgeting is a bad habit, but it turns out that fidgeting may be beneficial in a few situations. Fidgeting is a perfect way to get some exercise done! According to studies, it will burn an additional 100 calories a day, making it possible to lose the remaining few pounds. If you can’t keep still and are always fidgeting, you might have a different problem. However, bouncing arms and legs when watching TV or sitting at your desk may be beneficial. 2.  Procrastination In an environment where we are constantly rushing, multitasking, and distracted, we never realize how tired and stressed we get. Often the only thing you can do for yourself is to put it off and note that it does not have to be urgent all of the time. This will also help you evaluate your work and prioritize tasks. A break always helps! Caption: Pressure to complete loads of work can cause stress Credits: Flickr 3.  Losing your temper Everyone understands that losing your temper is not a smart thing to do, and that you can still have a cool head no matter what position you find yourself in. Caption: Woman spewing anger Credits: Pxfuel It’s not cool to go too far and regularly hurl aggression and indignation at others over the tiniest of problems – no one wants to share time around someone who acts in this manner. Putting stuff in a bottle, on the other hand, isn’t the right option. Losing your patience on a regular basis, even though it’s just to complain when you get home from a bad day at work or to speak to someone about how you were just handled, will really help to relieve tension and make a person’s mind feel lighter. It’s also good to blow off steam. 4.  Sleeping In Late Caption: Sleeping for a few extra hours is beneficial Credits: Pexels In fact, most people don’t get enough sleep during the week due to hectic schedules and irregular working hours, and they try to make up for it on weekends. Insufficient sleep, on the other hand, has been linked to a slew of health issues, ranging from an increased risk of stroke to excessive weight gain. So don’t resent your body for what it needs. Don’t sleep all the time, but don’t feel bad when you hit off the alarm extra times. 5.  Skipping A Shower Missing out on daily showers may not get you any friends, but if you ever are tempted to skip a shower, studies suggest that you could be doing good to your health as well as the environment. Caption: Skipping a shower can help your skin Credits: Pixabay Alt tags: Shower Daily bathing strips your skin of the natural oils that keep it hydrated and soft. It also removes good bacteria from the skin that help to prevent disease. 6. Junk Food Credits: Flickr Alt tags: Junk food Allowing yourself to indulge in fast food cravings on a regular basis is a sure way to undermine your healthier eating habits. This will not only make you happier, but it will also keep you inspired to stay on track and gain momentum. Allowing yourself to gorge on a bit of what you fancy will also help to alleviate cravings, since many people crave the things they most want to avoid.